Research work ecological and local history guide to the village of Yulovsky. Extra-curricular event on local history "Ecological calendar of the Nenets"

Project relevance:

Environmental education in education is one of the most pressing problems of our time. The global environmental crisis has brought environmental issues to the center of attention of preschool workers as well. From a purely scientific, it turned into a social one, filled with an alarming sense of trouble in nature emanating, primarily from human activity.

The common problems of the Earth's population is the deterioration of the human environment. Children are especially sensitive to poor environment (polluted water, air, food).

Environmental problems and disasters are directly related to the education of the population - its insufficiency or complete absence and gave rise to a consumer attitude towards nature. The acquisition of ecological culture, ecological consciousness and thinking is the only way out of this situation for mankind.

Respect for nature should be the norm for people of all ages.

A child needs to be taught from an early age that loving nature means doing good. This can be achieved if you introduce the child to its secrets, show interesting things in the life of plants and animals, teach them to enjoy the smell of flowering herbs, the landscapes of their native places.

We started with the most elementary love for animals - through an environmental and local history project for children and adults on the theme "Little inhabitants of the planet."

Project idea:

The knowledge gained will help children in the future to be environmentally literate and solve environmental problems.

Objective of the project:

Raising a child's careful and humane attitude to the living world.

Project objectives:

• To systematize knowledge about domestic and wild animals and animals of the region.
• Clarify children's ideas about the relationship of man with the natural world.
• To instill a sense of responsibility for the lives of animals.
• To educate in children a humane attitude towards the living.

You are forever responsible for everyone

who tamed.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery

1. Stage. Preparatory.

• Creation of an ecological calendar.
• Reading fiction and encyclopedic literature.
• Examining paintings, albums, conducting didactic and outdoor games, solving crossword puzzles, riddles.
• Preparation of excursions to the station of young naturalists.
• Visiting an excursion to the central library for an ecological lesson "Paws, ears, tail and feathers, or in the world of animals."
• Excursion to the "Winter Garden" MDOU Kindergarten No. 22 "Blue Bird".
• Excursion to the museum. I. Shemanovsky to the exhibition "The World of Insects".
• Preparation for entertainment "Our home is the Earth!".
• Preparation of material for visual activity.
• Observations and work in the corner of nature.
• Creation of the book "Inquisitive Why and Pathfinders".

2. Stage. Project implementation.

• Conduct educational sessions.
• Organize activities with children in art activities: drawing, modeling, applique, manual labor.
• Make a collage "Our neighbors on planet Earth."
• Dramatize fairy tales

• Hold a competition for the best poem about an animal.

Working with parents:

• Compose a story from the words of the child about your pet, draw his "portrait".
• To prepare material for the creation of the book "Inquisitive Why and Pathfinders".
• Create a booklet "Know, love and protect."
• Create a video film and a presentation video "Guys and animals".
• Create leaflets "Take care of nature!".

Project work:

Cognitive cycle classes

Ecological education classes

• "Domestic and Wild Animals"

Target. Systematize ideas about the habitats of wild and domestic animals (they live where there is food, it is convenient to raise cubs and escape from enemies). Learn to apply specific knowledge about behavior and needs. Raise interest in animal life.

• "Everyone Needs Each Other"

Target. To form a generalized idea that the forest is a home for animals and plants. Describe the relationship between humans and nature. Teach children how to behave in the forest.

Artistic and productive activities.

• "Our favorites"

Target. Strengthen the ability to sculpt from a whole piece, correctly convey the proportions of the body, give the lines smoothness, elegance in accordance with the nature of the ceramic figure. To cultivate the ability to correctly evaluate their own work and the work of others.

• "Who lives in the tundra?"

Target. Continue to teach children to convey in the drawing the characteristic features of the appearance of the animals of the north. To cultivate an aesthetic and moral attitude towards animals and plants.

• “Like a baby was looking for a mother” - a collective work.

Target. To teach children to use waste material in their work, to depict an animal in an applique way of various shapes and sizes, to continue to develop the ability to work together.

• "Funny family"

Target. Continue to teach children how to make funny animals from natural materials. Develop aesthetic perception, creative imagination.

• Entertainment "Our home is the Earth."

Target. To form the idea that man is part of nature. His life depends on the state of natural objects, and their safety is the responsibility of man.

• Excursion to the station of young naturalists.

Target. To evoke positive emotions from contact with animals. Learn not to be afraid of some of them. To strengthen interest in observing the habits of animals and birds. Cultivate a conscious attitude to the problem of their content.

• Dramatization of fairy tales:

E. Karganova "Who is the most beautiful?";

I. Knips "The kitten who forgot how to ask for food."

Target. To develop the ability of children to emotionally liberate themselves, to teach them to convey through gestures, intonational expressiveness the content of works, images of the main characters. Activate speech activity. Develop dialogic speech. Cultivate a humane attitude towards the living.

• Excursion to the central library for an ecological lesson "Paws, ears, tail and feathers, or in the world of animals."

Target. Introduce children to the world of animals. Clarify why animals need paws, tails, feathers, etc. What benefit do they provide. Cultivate love, respect for them.

• Creating a collage "Our neighbors on planet Earth"

Target. Develop children's creativity. Learn how to use different materials in your work. Express the emotional idea of ​​a work of art.

Participation of parents in the implementation of the project.

• Preparation for the competition of children for the best performance of a poem about animals.
• Homework, children-adult drawing (application) on the theme "My pet".
• Write a story about a pet.

Recording a story from the words of a child.

• Creation of the booklet "Know, love and protect!".
• Creation of a video film and a presentation video "Guys and animals".
• Creation of leaflets "Take care of nature!".

3. Stage. Summarizing.

• Holding a competition for the best performance of poems about animals "Poems about animals".
• Presentation of the group book "Inquisitive whys and pathfinders".
• Presentation of the collage "Our neighbors on planet Earth".
• Presentation of the photo album "Nature and Man".
• Exhibition on the theme: "My pet".
• Participation in the city competition for the protection of environmental projects "Earth is my home!"
• Presentation of the video film (video) "Guys and animals".
• Distribution of the booklet "Know, love and protect!". Distribution of leaflets "Take care of nature!".

During the implementation of the project, environmental education classes were held with children in an unconventional form, where the children's ideas about the habitats of wild and domestic animals were systematized. They formed a generalized idea that the forest is a home for animals. About the relationship between man and nature.

In the classroom for artistic and productive activities, they taught children to use waste and natural material in their work, depict animals in an applique way, and draw.

Collectively - creative work was carried out through the dramatization of fairy tales, children were taught to convey the images of the main characters.

They formed the idea that man is a part of nature. His life depends on the state of natural objects, and their preservation is the responsibility of man. They brought up a humane attitude towards the living, they found out who lives where, who eats what.

They conducted excursions to the station of the young naturalists, beforehand, conversations were held with the children and poems were memorized. They strengthened interest in observing the habits of animals and birds, taught not to be afraid of some of them, not to frighten them. They brought up a conscious attitude to the problem of their content. (assisted in warming cages for swans), contact with animals caused positive emotions in children, joy, which is very important for us. During the project, we gave the children ideas not only about the animal world, but also about nature is interconnected, concern for nature is concern for man. What harms nature harms man himself. "We are all connected to each other!"

Look at our land, it cries, asks: "Save ME!"

It is impossible to instill love and caring attitude towards animals without the participation of parents. Together with the children, they drew their pets, cats, dogs, hamsters, composed interesting stories about them. it is useful to have one of the animals in the house. With animals, a child can emotionally communicate, play, talk. At the same time, parents are an example for children of a caring, attentive attitude towards animals, they explain to them the dependence of the animal's well-being on the child's fulfillment of the task of caring for him.

Parents helped arrange:

1. Photo album "Nature and Man"

2. Created a collage "We live on planet Earth"

3. And they designed the group's book "Inquisitive Why and Pathfinders", which tells about the life of animals and interesting facts.

Teachers prepared:

Educational booklets "Know, love and protect", leaflets "Take care of nature!"

The role-playing game "Five with a tail" was framed and played with the children. Clinic for four-legged friends.

A theatricalization of the fairy tale by E. Karganova "Who is the most beautiful?"

We invite teachers of preschool education in the Tyumen region, YaNAO and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra to publish their methodological material:
- Pedagogical experience, author's programs, teaching aids, presentations for classes, electronic games;
- Personally developed notes and scenarios of educational activities, projects, master classes (including video), forms of work with families and teachers.

Why is it profitable to publish with us?

Shumkin Victor

a story about the village of Yulovsky

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school №81p. Yulovsky

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Research work

In the village of Yulovsky

Shumkin Victor

Grade 9

MBOU secondary school No. 81 p. Yulovsky

Work leaders:

Sycheva Evgenia Nikolaevna,

biology teacher

Velikotskaya Galina Vasilievna,

geography teacher

MBOU secondary school No. 81 p. Yulovsky

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3-5

Stop No. 1 Kurgan……………………………………………………..5

Stop No. 2 School Museum……………… ………………………….6-7

Stop No. 3 Bank of the Yula River ..………………………………………...7-16

Stop No. 4 “Pits”……………………………………………………….16-19

Stop No. 5 “Park zone”…………………………………………19-38

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...38

References…………………………………………………………….39

Ecological and local history guide

in the village of Yulovsky.

Introduction

How little we know about the places where we live. We are given the opportunity to know what we do not know about, and pay attention to what we pass by daily and do not appreciate.

Every self-respecting person should know and love their small Motherland. You can't live in a village and not know its history.

Purpose of compiling the guide:

Get acquainted with the history of the village and the natural heritage of the sites located along the banks of the Yula River.

Hypothesis: I believe that the study of the history and nature of a small homeland contributes to the education of patriotism among the younger generation.

Novelty my work is that I decided to combine historical research with the study of nature and present my work in the form of a tourist guide.

Set tasks:

1. To study the historical past of the village and the steppe areas located along the banks of the Yula River.

2. Conduct an elementary study of common plants in our area

3. Attract students' attention to the history of their small homeland and the protection of its steppe plants.

Object of study : exhibits and archival material of the school museum of local lore, steppe areas along the banks of the Yula River in the vicinity of the village of Yulovsky.

Research methods:

• Theoretical: the study of scientific and popular science literature,
• Practical: observation.

We invite everyone to follow the itinerary that we have compiled. Visiting time from May to July. All photos were taken by the author along the route of the excursion or taken from the archive of the school museum of local lore.

You are our native land,
Wide and free
I'm forever with you
With all my heart, with all my soul

Open to all winds
You are steppe expanse
The most hospitable
Yulovsky is our region.

We are always in debt
Before you, Motherland,
After all, for all the years
We have only one destiny.

Let's remember people
On holidays and weekdays
Holy are our roots
Mother Earth.

Words by A.A. Matsegor

It is with the words from the anthem of the village of Yulovsky, written by my countryman, that I want to start our excursion(Appendix No. 1).

Our route involves five stops: “Kurgan”, “School Museum”, “Yula River Bank”, “Pits”, “School”, “Park”.(Appendix No. 1 Fig. 1).

Geographical position

In order for you to find out where my village is located, I want to tell you about its geographical location.

The border between Europe and Asia runs along the Kuma-Manych depression. The village of Yulovsky is located in Asia, 5 km from the left bank of the Manych River, in the steppe zone. And it is called so because it stands on the Yula River, which really bustles around the village and rolls its waters to the gray-haired Manych.

If we talk about the administrative position of the village "Yulovsky", then it is located in the southeastern part of the Rostov region, in the northern part of the Salsky district, in the south of the East European Plain, 238 km from the regional center of the city of Rostov and 52 km from the regional center of the city of Rostov. Salska. (Appendix No. 1 Fig. 2)

Stop No. 1 Kurgan

(Appendix No. 1 Fig. 3)

On the outskirts of our village is a mound. All the inhabitants of the village know about him. In winter, children ride on sleds. And no one thinks about what kind of hill it is, how it appeared here and what is inside it. I decided to do my research and answer all my questions. Here's what I was able to find out.

The steppe region of the Don region has an ancient and glorious history. The wild field, as the Sal steppes were called in ancient times, remembers the Sarmatians (Appendix 1, Fig. 4), Scythians (Appendix 1, Fig. 5) and other nomads, who have always been attracted by vast land areas, a relatively mild climate, which means the ability to raise livestock. Today, only burial mounds, where the remains of the leaders of nomadic tribes rest, remind of that distant past. In 2012, a major overhaul of our school was planned. Many documents were prepared for the repair, including a map of archaeological sites. So it became known that Yulovsky burial ground No. 4 is located on the territory of our village and around it. It includes 11 mounds. According to our graduate Alexander Pasegun, who is a researcher at Yuzharheologiya in Rostov n/a, the primary burials in the mounds belong to the Pit Grave culture. Subsequently, the mounds were built up by other peoples, so they also find burials of the Catacomb and Srubna culture.

The mound, which became the first stop of our guide, is the largest in the vicinity of the village. This is the only open mound. In 1968, during the construction of the road, the builders needed clay for the embankment. Without thinking twice, they decided that the easiest way to take clay from the barrow was with the help of an excavator, which they did. It's good that Mikhail Grigoryevich Lupa, the headmaster of the school, found out about this almost immediately. He managed to stop the work and save the historical monument from destruction. In addition, whole specimens and fragments of pottery of the pit, catacomb and log culture were recovered from the opened layers of the burial, which I will talk about in more detail at the School Museum stop.

Stop "School Museum"

The museum of MBOU secondary school No. 81, Yulovsky village, stores items found in the barrow, which was mentioned earlier. These are bowls, jugs, pots of pit, catacomb and log cultures.

The names “pit culture” and the later cultures of the South Russian steppes of the Bronze Age reflect the most common design of burial structures in a certain era - a pit, a catacomb and a log house, which corresponds to the pit, catacomb and log cultures that successively replaced each other.

Pit culture (mid III - early II millennium BC) was distributed in the steppe spaces from the Urals to the Dniester. The basis of the economy of the tribes of the Yamnaya culture was cattle breeding, but part of the population was also engaged in agriculture.The culture got its name from the type of burials, which are pits with mounds piled on top. In the burial grounds of the dead, they were placed in a crouched position on their backs with their legs pulled up (see Appendix Fig. 6), the bodies were sprinkled with ocher (red paint of organic origin).Burial inventory It is represented by round-bottomed vessels with a complex corded ornament (see Appendix 1, Figure 7), various flint and bone items. Metal products are relatively rare, since metal was still in short supply, it was brought from outside, mainly from the regions of the Caucasus.

heyday catacomb culturefell on the XVIII - XVI centuries. BC. Closely associated with the population of the Central Caucasus, the carriers of the Catacomb culture acted as distributors of important achievements of the advanced ancient Eastern civilizations. Played a huge role in thiswheeled transport, the widespread use of which dates back to this time. Found in a catacomb burial in the Rostov regionlarge four-wheeled cart .

The burials of these tribes were special underground structures - catacombs. The catacomb consisted of an entrance pit, in one of the walls of which a chamber was pulled out, where the deceased and those accompanying him were placed.inventory . The hole in the chamber was filled with wood or stone, and the entrance pit was filled up. An important characteristic feature for defining a catacomb culture is the vessels intended for burning aromatic substances (incense burners) (see Appendix 1, Fig. 8).

Stop "Yula River"

(Appendix 2 Fig.1)

The Yula River flows near the museum. It was she who gave the name to our village.

Yula River, it is also called Maly Yegorlyk or Middle Yula is a left tributary of the Western Manych River. By its size, the Yula belongs to the very small rivers of the Rostov region. Its length is 60 km, the catchment area is 696 km².The speed of the river flow does not exceed 1 m/sec. The riverbed is winding. Food is mixed: rain, snow (melt water) and groundwater. Despite its small size, the Yula River has always played a decisive role in the settlement of our territory. It was thanks to her that nomads settled here, and our village was formed. After all, she gave people water, served as a transport route and a source of food. There is still good fishing on the Yule, especially at the place where it flows into the Manych.

We are located on the banks of the Yula River. Before us is a vast steppe area covered with grassy vegetation. (appendix 2 fig. 2). The first plant I want to talk about is

Tulip Bieberstein.

Tulipabiebersteiniana Schult. & Schult. fil.

Department: Angiosperms or Flowering

Family: Lily - Liliaceae

Genus: Tulipa

Earlier spring - viewtulip bieberstein(Tulipabiebersteiniana) (Appendix 2 Fig. 3), popularly called a buzlyak or an asterisk. At first, this modest tulip hangs down, resembling a bell, and later raises its head to the sun and opens its six narrow, pointed petals wide, turning into an asterisk. It seems that to the very horizon the earth is flooded with this delightful variety of colors. According to legend, it is in the buds of the yellow tulip that happiness is hidden. No one could get to him by opening the bud. And only children's laughter opened it, which no other force could do...

Tulip Biberstein is a perennial bulbous herb 20 - 40 cm tall, with 2 - 4 linear-lanceolate leaves, the lower of which is wider. The bulb of adult plants is up to 2 cm long with leathery dark brown, almost bare integumentary scales from the inside. The flowers, usually solitary, 2-3 cm long, have the shape of a wide open golden star, drooping before blooming. leafletsperianthyellow, often with a purple or greenish tinge on the outside. The fruit is an oblong, pointed capsule at the top. Propagated by seeds. Blooms in April - May. Seeds ripen in May-early June, and then the growing season ends.

Spring ephemeroid . Quite a moisture-loving plant. It has a wide ecological amplitude: it grows in different types of forests, in forest plantations, virgin and fallow steppes, on rocky slopes of gullies, in steppe meadows in river valleys. The species is distributed in Eastern Europe (to the west to Romania), the Aral-Caspian region, Asia Minor and Iran. In Russia, it grows mainly in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European part, as well as in Ciscaucasia and Western Siberia. In the Rostov regionfound in almost all areas.

Although this type of tulip is quite widespread in the Rostov region, its existence, like the existence of other steppe species, is threatened by the widespread destruction of natural habitats - plowing of land, overgrazing, etc. The Bieberstein tulip is massively eradicated as an ornamental plant (gathering for bouquets and digging up bulbs for transplantation), and therefore has become rare or even disappeared near settlements.

The species is included in the Red Book of the Rostov Region. Guarded inState Nature Reserve "Rostovsky", as well as in a number of natural monuments . Cultivated inBotanical Garden of the Southern Federal University.

In our steppe expanses, the Bieberstein tulip feels great! Anyone can meet him!

It is impossible to ignore the growing everywhere in our area

Wormwood

among the people (illness, foolish drunk)

Family Asteraceae (Asteraceae) Dumort. (Composites),

Genus Wormwood Artemisia L.

biological group.

Taprooted perennial.

In my Don side

I breathe wormwood at the hour of sunrise,

I don't know how to anyone, but to me

Don water is sweeter than honey.

I don't know about others, but I

All hearing, all greedy attention,

When I hear the nightingale

Sublime glee.

A.G. Garnakeryan.

It was believed that wormwood protects from evil influences and misfortune.

The Russian name wormwood comes from the Slavic “fly” - to burn, again because of the very bitter taste that burns in the mouth.

In Rus', it is a ritual plant. At the beginning of summer, the girls' holiday Semik was celebrated. On this day, young people "chased mermaids." The girls wore wormwood under their armpits all day to protect them from witches and mermaids. Seeing a girl with disheveled hair, to her question: “What do you have in your hands?” you can’t answer “mint” or “parsley”, otherwise the mermaid will tickle to death. You need to say "wormwood" - and the mermaid will immediately disappear. In addition, on a holiday, wormwood served as a love potion, it was only necessary to whip the chosen one with stems of wormwood during the games.

Many poets and writers associate wormwood with the image of the Motherland.

Touching lines were dedicated to wormwood by the modern poet A. Malyshko:

In the epic steppe somewhere the horses are racing,

Above the steppe in the sky swans scream

And the whistle of an arrow, piercing and angry,

Wormwood grass, you hear above yourself.

And you get up from under steep hooves,

Your persistent spirit, like an illusory shield,

Raise again, epic hero,

You, impudent bush, my bitter wormwood bush!

In the old days, it was believed that wormwood absorbed all the bitterness of human suffering, and therefore there is no herb worse than wormwood. The ancient Roman poet Ovid wrote: "The sad wormwood sticks out through the desert fields, the bitter plant corresponds to its place." For bitterness, wormwood is called widow's grass, and she herself became the personification of bitterness:

“bitter as wormwood,” we often say. There are sayings about her:

Wormwood after honey is bitterer than itself,

Someone else's wife is a swan, and her own is bitter wormwood,

Speech is like honey, but deed is like wormwood.

But it is a very valuable medicinal plant. For the treatment of diseases, wormwood has been used since ancient times. Pliny wrote that a traveler who has wormwood with him will not feel tired on a long journey. It was used for gastric and various diseases, as a diuretic and anthelmintic, for fever, etc. Avicenna recommended it for seasickness. He spoke about her: “... This is a wonderful, amazing medicine (for appetite), if you drink her decoction and squeezed juice for ten days,” spoke of her as the strongest antidote, and also considered that if you dilute the ink with wormwood juice, the mouse does not will gnaw at the book they have written. Obviously, this problem was relevant and a thousand years ago.

Well, we have a lot of wormwood in the steppe zone! I advise you to get acquainted with the habitat of this plant.

DANDELION

And now, I will make riddles and the answer to them will be our next plant, which I would like to draw your attention to.

A golden peephole looks at the sun, how the sun frowns, the peephole squints;

In the meadow by the river, golden lights, the rain drizzled, the lights went out;

A golden flashlight burned in the dewy grass, then faded, went out and turned into fluff. (Appendix 2 Fig.4).

Systematic position

Department: Angiosperms or Flowering

Family Aster (Composite) Asteraceae Dumort. (Composites),

Genus Dandelion Taraxacum Wigg.

biological group.

Taprooted perennial.

Morphology and biology.

Root - thick, vertical, slightly branched; root collar woolly, rarely glabrous. The root system is able to go deep into the soil up to 130 cm. Segments of the main root take root and grow well. Leaves are alternate, in a rosette, 10-25 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, lanceolate or oblong.

Dandelion officinalis, or common (podoynichek, euphorbia, milk-eater, wasteland, fur, baldhead, Jewish hat, Russian chicory). The Russian name “dandelion” was given to the plant because of the extraordinary ease with which, at the slightest breath of air, the ripe seedlings on fluffy voles break away from the receptacle and scatter. The remaining bare receptacle resembles a bald head. Therefore, in the Middle Ages, a dandelion was called a monastic head, and in Russia the names of an empty dude, a fur coat, a bald patch, a Jewish hat are associated with this.

There is a poetic legend about the origin of the dandelion itself.

In a small farm in the depths of the steppes lived a milkmaid girl. She grazed a goat and sold milk to anyone who wanted it. She was affable and pretty, she knew how to say an affectionate word to everyone, and even her mere appearance was desired by people. For this, she was nicknamed the Duvanochka: with her smile and friendly word, she blew heavy thoughts from people. Otduvanochka-thrush has grown up and passionately fell in love with Skylark. She especially liked his song without words. But one day she wanted to know what her beloved was singing about. She persuaded the Lark to descend from the sky and sing the words of the song, and she heard: “My love for you is tender, like the first ray of the sun, but space beckons heaven upwards, and its call is mighty.” Otduvanochka rushed to Lark, wanted to keep him with her forever, but did not have time. The lark soared into the sky, and the girl realized that she had lost her happiness. In desperation, she waved her yellow kerchief, and several gold coins fell out of it. The wind picked them up and began to carry them around the world. “Where they touched the ground, golden flower heads grew, which people have since called dandelions after thrush. People also paid attention to the amazing ability of a dandelion to predict bad weather; scientists called this ability phototropism.

Edible dandelion leaves contain carotene, vitamin C, B2, choline, nicotinic acid, calcium, potassium, manganese, iron, phosphorus. Dandelion leaves are a good antiscorbutic agent, they have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the digestive glands, kidneys, liver, and gallbladder. Its leaves and roots have long been widely used in folk medicine to stimulate appetite, with catarrh of the stomach, as an expectorant and diuretic. Young dandelion leaves and roots are used as food.

The next representative of our flora Cornflower blue (Appendix 2 Fig. 5)

plant-kingdom
Sub-kingdom-higher
Department-angiosperms
class-bipartite
Aster family
Rod-cornflower
View - cornflower

Centaurea cyanus L. - blue cornflower.

systematic position.

Asteraceae family Asteraceae Dumort., genus Cornflower Centaurea L.

biological group.

Wintering annual.

Latin name for cornflower Centaureacyanus is associated with ancient Greek myth. According to legend, it was the centaur Chiron who healed his wound with cornflower grass, whom Hercules accidentally wounded with a poisoned arrow. Show full..
No less interesting are the versions of the origin of the Russian name for the flower. According to one of them, "cornflower" means "royal flower." After all, the word "cornflower" comes from the name Vasily, which in ancient Greek means "royal." Now take a closer look at the blue cornflower petals: after all, each of them resembles a miniature jagged crown.
There is another Slavic legend - about two brothers Peter and Vasily. The eldest, Peter, was dark-haired, black-eyed, with a heavy unsociable disposition. The younger, Vasily, differed from him like day from night - blue-eyed, with wheat-colored curls, he was everywhere the first both in work and in a cheerful party.
Envy ate the older brother, because the kind and cheerful handsome man Vasily enjoyed universal love. And once Peter called his younger brother to hunt and shot him, and buried his body in the field, which was on the edge of the forest. Peter returned to the village and told the people that his brother was chasing a wounded deer and got lost in the forest. The whole night the villagers walked through the forest, looking for and calling the guy. But the search was unsuccessful. And when, in the morning, they came out of the forest to the field, they saw that the whole field was covered with hitherto unknown flowers - blue, like Vasily's eyes.
Cornflower is not just a field weed, not just a beautiful flower, it also benefits. Not so long ago, natural dyes were obtained from cornflower flowers: deep blue from the inner tubular dark blue flowers, and sky blue from the marginal reed flowers. Cornflower is also used in folk medicine. As a medicinal raw material, it is precisely the jagged marginal flowers of the plant that are used. Cornflower has a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect.
Cornflower came to us from ancient times. During the excavations of the tomb of Tutankhamun, many items made of precious stones and gold were found. But a small wreath of cornflowers found in the sarcophagus shocked archaeologists. The flowers dried up, but retained their color and shape.
Since 1968 the blue cornflower has been the national flower of Estonia. In some European countries it is known under the name - German flower (a flower with a German character). The cornflower enjoyed and enjoys the greatest love and popularity among the Germans. He became especially dear to them since he became the favorite flower of Emperor Wilhelm I and his mother, Queen Louise ... The great Russian fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov loved these flowers very much and in his last will asked to put cornflowers in his coffin .

KERMEK BROAD-LEAVED

(Appendix 2 Fig. 6)

Kermek, statice, limonium (Limonium)

Family: Lead

plant type : perennial

Attitude towards light: light-loving

Relation to moisture: Prefers moderate moisture

Wintering: winter-hardy

The soil : prefers garden soils

Flowering time : summer (July-August)

Height : medium (50-100 cm)

Value in culture: flowery, fragrant

Limonium, Kermek, statice. These are mainly perennials (less often biennials or semi-shrubs) with a rosette of dense, elliptical basal leaves.

Peduncles branched, crowned with complex paniculate, corymbose or spherical inflorescences of small pink, purple, purple, yellow, white, blue flowers collected in spikelets. Blooms from July until frost.

It occurs in dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts of the European part of Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the northern Caucasus. Grows on saline soils. Often forms extensive thickets.

For medicinal purposes, Kermek roots are used. They contain up to 23% tannins, due to which they are used for tanning and dyeing leather, dyeing wool and as a medicinal astringent. The roots are dug up in late summer and autumn, from August to October. Then they are thoroughly shaken off the soil, cleaned of the remnants of leaves and small roots and dried in the sun or attics.

In folk medicine, kermek is used as a good astringent. A decoction or powder from the roots is prescribed for acute gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by diarrhea, and even dysentery.

Plantain

(appendix 2 figure 7)

Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
Type/Department: Angiosperms (Angiosperms)
Class: Magnoliopsida (Magnoliopsida, dicots)
Order/Order: Lamiales (Labiales)
Family: Plantaginaceae (Plantain)
Genus: Plantago (Plantain)
Species: Plantago major (Large plantain)

Already from the name itself it is clear where the plantain usually grows - near the road, in meadows, in wastelands, in garbage places. And its name can also be interpreted as a companion of the one who walks along the road. Plantain is an ancient plant, known since the times of Ancient Greece and Rome, where doctors even then used it for healing. Plantain is also called "tears of travelers." The legend says that travelers who traveled long distances rubbed their legs into blood and could not continue their journey. Then they wept, and their tears that fell on the edge of the road became plantain. They applied its leaves to their wounds, and so they were healed and were able to continue on their way.

About 250 species of plantain are known, but the most common type of plantain in our country is the large plantain.

Plantain herb. Medicinal properties and application

• As already mentioned - the most famous and main "usefulness" of plantain is a hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and wound healing effect. The reason for this beneficial property is the high content of tannins and phytoncides, which provide a bactericidal effect, as well as the presence of polysaccharides that promote rapid healing and reduce inflammation.

But the properties of plantain do not stop there.

It has a good effect on the nervous system - depending on the type of infusion, it can tone up or vice versa - soothe and lower blood pressure.

Welsh fescue, or Tipchak (Appendix 2 Fig. 8) (lat. Festuca valesiaca ) - perennial herbaceous pasture-forage plant; one of the most characteristic steppe plants family Cereals (Poaceae).

Order:
Family:

Tipchak is the best pasture and fodder plant in the steppe and semi-desert; especially readily eaten by small livestock and horses, being for them in the spring fattening feed. It is also valuable because, developing strongly at the beginning of summer, in August it produces new foliage that serves as food on autumn and winter pastures; She is not afraid of cattle slaughter, and, on the contrary, intensive grazing on the feather-grass-fescue steppes leads to the displacement of feather grass, which only improves the pasture. By the nature of growth, it is not suitable for mowing; yield up to 0.4-0.8 tons per hectare. It is applied to the device of lawns.

It grows in the temperate climate of Eurasia from Central Europe in the west to China in the east and from Poland in the north to Pakistan in the south. As adventitious, it is also found in other places.

It grows in forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts.

Stop "Pits"

(Appendix rev.9)

On the banks of the Yula River there are four round pits with a diameter of 8 meters, a depth of 3 meters, tapering towards the center at the bottom. For a long time I could not understand: what is it? I even assumed that these were bomb craters left over from the Great Patriotic War. For information, I turned to the old-timer of our village Matsegora Fyodor Eforemovich. He told me that these pits were dug for kneading adobe. Clay, straw, horse manure were poured into the pits, all this was poured with water, and then horses were driven there and led in a circle. Thus, the mixture for adobe bricks was kneaded. The resulting mixture was laid out in special wooden molds and dried in the sun. Houses for people and stables for horses were built from adobe. In our arid steppes, forest does not grow, and adobe served as an excellent building material, since houses made of it are cool in summer and warm in winter. It was from adobe that the first houses of the future village were built. At this point, I would like to move on to the history of the formation of the village of Yulovsky.

The lands now belonging to the Yulovsky rural settlement, namely the village of Yulovsky, the village of Kermek, the village of Suprun and the village of Belozerny, previously Krasny Partizan belonged to the possessions of the horse breeder Yakov Suprun. In the area of ​​the current point of Gorkaya, 3-4 km. From our village on the banks of the Manych was the village of Suprunovka, where the estate of Suprun was located. Every summer he came here and personally oversaw the breeding of horses. Suprun bred horses of the Don breed - the famous Donchaks. In Suprunovka, in addition to the estate, there were stables, houses where hired workers lived, as well as a canteen for workers and passers-by.

Our village began with the so-called "winter roads", that is, the winter stables of the same Suprun. In addition to the stables, there were dormitory houses for hired workers serving horses in the winter. These houses were located on the bend of the Yula River. The place is very convenient for living and raising livestock.

After the October Revolution and the Civil War, the fate of the Soviet government on the basis of horses previously owned by Korolkov, Suprun, Kuznetsov and other horse breeders in 1920 created the Donskoy stud farm, which in 1924 was renamed the stud farm named after. Budyonny. Since the stud farm bred horses for the Red Army, the brigade commander of the 1st Cavalry Army M.I. Chumachenko headed the farm.

In 1933, Voroshilov, Stalin and Budyonny visited the stud farm, assessing the worthy work of the stud farms, it was decided to increase the number of production points. On the basis of the Suprunov winter roads, create the 3rd department named after. Budyonny. The stud farm named after S.M. Budyonny successfully coped with the task set for him - the restoration of the Don breed of horses. Marshal Budyonny wrote: “In a short period of time, it was possible not only to restore, but also to improve the Don horse. It would be fair to say that we have created a new breed on the basis of the old Don one. From this statement it is clear that Commander S.M. Budyonny personally monitored the work of the farm. Budyonny. He toured production teams, checked herds of horses, herds of sheep.

In the field behind the village there is a mound of Budyonny. S.M. Budyonny came to our village every year. White tents were set up on the mound. Semyon Mikhailovich climbed the mound, from which a view of the terrain opened for many kilometers, the herdsmen led the herds of horses around the mound, and he selected the best elite combat horses for the Soviet Army and for export abroad.

On the territory of the 3rd department, in addition to the usual ones, there were breeding stables, where they were engaged in breeding work to breed a new breed of horses.

This work was headed by the caretaker of the herds V.A. Meshcheryakov. Vladimir Alexandrovich has been successfully working in the stud farm since 1920. Under the leadership of the head of the horse unit V.S. Kutyev, Meshcheryakov V.A. and Chekalin I.E. already in 1923, 7 horses bred by them were presented at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.

In 1933, V.A. Meshcheryakov was transferred to the 3rd department. In addition to horses, our farm raised sheep.

In 1949, the work was crowned with success, the "Budyonnovskaya" breed of horses was bred. “The country, the collective farm peasantry,” wrote S.M. Budyonny, “was presented with a handsome horse, large, heavy, powerful build, energetic and persistent temperament, frisky and unpretentious.” (Appendix 2 Fig.11).

Overseer V.A. Meshcheryakov was awarded the State Stalin Prize.

Until the 1960s, our fellow countrymen almost did not engage in agriculture. saline soils and arid climate made our territory a zone of risky agriculture.

Based on the decision of the May 1965 plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU in the Salsky district on the basis of the lands of the stud farm named after. CM. Budyonny and the state farm "Frunze" in November 1967 two rice farms were established"Southern ” and “Northern”. Construction of a new village has begun Yulovsky ". (Appendix 2 Fig. 12). The construction of the irrigation system and residential area, the planning of fields was carried out by the Mobile Mechanized Column No. 1 of Rostovdonvodstroy. (PMK No. 1, RDVS). The construction of residential and industrial premises was carried out by high-security prisoners. Then, instead of them, a medical-labor dispensary (LTP) was organized. The workers of PMK No. 1 and the soldiers of the construction military unit were hired to lay out the fields for rice and build the irrigation system. Prepared fields for rice were commissioned to the Yuzhny state farm. To provide the rice system with water, two powerful pumping stations were built on the territory of the Yulovsky settlement, the productivity of each of which is 26 cubic meters of water per second. These pumping stations served the fields of the Severny and Yuzhny rice farms. The third pumping station was created as a pumping station.

The director of the newly organized rice and livestock farm "South" was Alexander Ivanovich Borshchev. After him, Petr Danilovich Popov was the head of the farm.. Since 1984, Viktor Nikolaevich Petchenko has been managing the farm.

The Yuzhny state farm specialized in growing rice and raising livestock and consisted of the following departments: a fodder shop, a rice shop, a bagar shop (non-irrigated areas where crops are grown), a dairy shop (MTF), a meat and wool shop, a meat shop ( pig farm and poultry farm), vegetable shop, fruit shop, melon shop. In addition, the state farm had workshops for the processing of agricultural products: a mill, a grain mill, an oil mill, a bakery, a sausage workshop, and a milk processing workshop.

On September 4, 1993, the rice sovkhoz was renamed into KSP Yuzhny LLP, and on March 31, 1997 into Yuzhnoye OJSC. The farm is still engaged in the cultivation of rice, winter wheat and livestock. Rice, as the fundamental culture of the economy of the joint-stock company, is grown on an area of ​​1150 hectares. Along with the cultivation of rice, animal husbandry occupies one of the leading fields in the economy of the economy. Against the backdrop of the current situation in the livestock industry in Russia, Yuzhnoye Joint-Stock Company managed to maintain the number of cattle. Good results have been achieved in sheep breeding.

A completely new direction in the market activity of OAO Yuzhnoye was the processing of its own products. A bakery, a mill, a workshop for the production of sunflower oil were built, a mini milk processing plant was operating.

In recognition of these achievements, JSC Yuzhnoye was awarded with diplomas and certificates.

OAO Yuzhnoye, in addition to production, is engaged in the social sphere. As a result of a properly planned socio-economic policy, the economy finds an opportunity to pay wages in a timely manner in all departments, to support the Yulovskaya district hospital in the Salsky district, the school and pensioners of the Yulovskiy village. Work is underway to improve social and household facilities in the village. In 1972, a bright, beautiful, two-story secondary school No. 81 for 560 students opened its doors to its students. For many years, the director of the school was Mikhail Grigoryevich Lupa.

The village has a hospital with 26 beds. Doctors of the Yulovskaya hospital serve residents of 5 settlements. The hospital has a polyclinic department, a treatment and diagnostic unit. On the ground floor of the hospital in 2006, a social and rehabilitation department No. 2 of the Mercy Fund was opened for 24 places. In 1983, the Palace of Culture for 400 seats was put into operation. The permanent director of the Palace of Culture is Alexander Alekseevich Matsegora. The village has a kindergarten, a pharmacy, a savings bank, 6 grocery stores, a library, a gym, a music and art school.

Stop "Park zone"

We are located in the park area of ​​our village. It was founded in 1986 on the territory adjacent to the Yule River. More than 100 trees were planted by the students of MBOU secondary school No. 81 (Appendix 3, Fig. 1), including birch, mountain ash, maple, acacia, elms, pines. The students took care of these trees. The trees have taken root, and our park area has turned green, bringing joy to the locals. Time passed, and many trees withered, as not all varieties can stand our difficult climate. The park area received a new life in 2012, when more than 200 trees were planted through the efforts of the Administration of the Yulovsky rural settlement and students of MBOU secondary school No. 81 (Appendix 3, Fig. 2). Currently, the park area has blossomed and is represented by different trees, some of which I would like to introduce you to.

growing from the earth,
Aim for the sky.
And we couldn't
Like trees.

We go to bed and they
And stay alert at night.
And during the day they will hide us in the shade,
Pressing leaf to leaf.

In their long age, harsh age
They don't give rest.
be grateful man
For their hard work.

For oxygen - they
They give us generously.
And there's nothing better for them
When they are protected.
(V. Kurochkin)

Black poplar (black poplar)(Appendix 3 Fig. 3)

Poplar (Populus), has about 35 species, a genus of fast-growing, short-lived trees of the willow family (Salicaceae). Homeland - the Northern Hemisphere, where poplars grow from the Arctic to the subtropics. The sizes vary from medium to large: in many species, the maximum height is about 30 m, and the diameter of the trunk reaches 2.4 m. Poplar is characterized by a pale velvety bark of young shoots and a rough, deeply cracked bark of old trunks. All poplars easily propagate vegetatively (by root offspring, cuttings, stakes), are widely used as soil and water protection, and some species are used as ornamental and landscaping trees.
Black poplar (black poplar) Populus nigra L. - tree 18-40 m high, willow family. The name is given to it by the color of the bark, which is dark gray, almost black, the leaves are broadly ovate, with a serrated edge, glossy from above. The flowers look like long hanging earrings. Men's earrings are purple-red. Black poplar blooms before the leaves bloom. It is distributed in central Russia. It prefers to grow along the banks of rivers and in low places.

One of Greek legendstalks about how the first poplars appeared on Earth. The god of the Sun Helios grew up from Klymene - the daughter of the sea goddess Thetis - a quick-tempered and restless child, the son of Phaethon. One of the relatives, mocking the young man, said that he was supposedly the son of not the divine Helios, but a mere mortal. Turning purple with anger, Phaeton rushed to his father and asked, as proof that he was indeed the son of the gods, to allow him to ride in his father's chariot across the sky. Helios was horrified by the daring idea and, trying to reason with the young man, began to refer to the fact that Zeus himself could not cope with the team. Phaeton stiffened. Sweeping away everything in its path, the horses carried him from the vault of heaven to Earth. "Oh Zeus! - the goddess of the Earth was alarmed. - Do not let all living things die! Zeus threw lightning into the chariot and broke it, and Phaethon fell and drowned in the waves of the river. Helios grieved so much for his dead son that the sun did not shine at all that day. No less than his father mourned, standing over the river, his numerous sisters - Heliades. The gods took pity, looking at the girls, and in order to save them from suffering, they turned everyone into slender, sacred trees for the Greeks - poplars. The poplar was also considered sacred by the Romans and by some other peoples of Asia and the East.

Poplar - one of the most familiar trees, familiar to us from childhood. But, unfortunately, people are biased towards it, because in the city in May-June a poplar snow blizzard begins - white fluff is spinning in the air everywhere. When poplar "snowflakes" get into the eyes or nose, everyone grumbles, gets angry at the poor tree.
Meanwhile, of all the forest species, poplar is the most “domestic” species. Man gave her special preference when in the old days he "tamed" trees to the city.
The atmosphere contains a lot of harmful gases and dust. Industrial enterprises pollute the air with sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead compounds, mercury, etc. And here green orderlies-trees come to our aid.
There is no doubt that different types of poplars, and there are more than 100 species in the poplar genus, are considered the best air healers. Scientists have conducted an experiment, which of our green friends is the best to cope with a substance harmful to humans and animals, like sulfur dioxide. We observed birch, ash, maple, linden and poplar. It turned out that balsam poplar was the best repelled the "gas attack". He absorbed 180 grams of sulfur dioxide. That's what a huge benefit brings us such an ordinary tree at first glance!

Common to all poplars is the ease of vegetative propagation, a relatively short age (80-120 years), light-loving, demanding soils and rapid growth, for which Professor N.K. Vekhov called them "eucalyptus trees of the North". The growth rate of poplars is such that by the age of 20 their best plantations can grow as much wood per hectare as oak or pine plantations will give only by 100 years. Due to the deforestation observed on Earth, fast-growing poplars are now considered very promising trees, and this is so important that a special International Commission operates at the United Nations, which keeps in touch with poplar-growing foresters all over the world. Moreover, in a number of countries, special research institutes are being set up to deal only with the study of poplars and nothing else.

Some interesting facts about poplar:
In the old days, people believed that if something hurts, then this place should be leaned against a poplar tree or a poplar block should be placed on the sore spot. And you can also complain to the poplar if you feel bad at heart or someone offended you, while you need to hug the poplar with your hands and stand like that for several minutes.
Poplar will banish sadness and bring relief.
Now poplars are the most common trees in big cities, they are green filters that purify polluted atmospheric air.

Fragrant acacia white clusters...
The June guest is spinning in a waltz,
How beautiful, lovely, graceful
Temptation is full, luxurious, beautiful...
The heart admires the white acacia,
The stars of heaven kiss her...
The sun beams warms, caresses,
Rain touch Princess dreams...

Irina Belarusova

It is with these words that I want to start acquaintance with another owner of our park area.

White acacia - Robinia pseudoacacia L.,(Appendix 3 Fig. 4)

legume family - Leguminosae.

White locust, or black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), comes from North America, where it is found in the northeastern and northern states from Pennsylvania to Dakota, Iowa, Montana and Oklahoma, where there are about 20 species. Lives up to 100 years. The exact date when one of the species (Robinia pseudoacacia) appeared in culture is known - 1601. Some species were brought to the Old World about 300 years ago. In Europe and Russia, 7 species are found (only in culture).
In 1804, the seeds of this plant were first planted in Russia, in 1813 it appeared in the Crimea in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Since then, people have not only admired the acacia, inhaling its heady aroma. From these flowers they made liqueurs and tinctures, and over time they learned about the healing properties of acacia.
The first report about this appeared in the press in 1859 in the Notes of the Caucasian Society of Agriculture. Since then, acacia flowers have been sold in pharmacies by weight as a medicine, and it was easy to buy them. Now acacia is officially included by pharmacologists in the list of medicinal plants.
In the south of Russia, the tree grows up to 25 m, in the middle lane - up to 7 m. It has a well-developed root system, the roots of which penetrate to a depth of 20 meters or more. Thanks to this, the trees are resistant to wind. On the roots are quite large nodules of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bark of the trunk is dotted with deep furrows. On the branches, especially in winter, when there is no foliage, frightening-looking sharp spines up to 2 cm long clearly stand out.

Flowering: from mid-May to June.

Flowers: white-pink color, fragrant.

Soil: adequate watering.

Use: for the decoration of alleys, as a decorative group and in a single planting.

Reproduction: seeds.

The fruits of the false acacia ripen in the first days of June and have a brown flat-shaped pod, where there are up to 5 small seeds. The pea tree perfectly adapts to the external conditions, grows quickly and reproduces well. Inflorescences with shoots of caragana for medicinal purposes should be harvested in the first days of flowering, and if we are talking about the bark of a tree, then the best time is the middle of spring or autumn. Inflorescences must be thoroughly dried before use, and the workpiece should be stored in cotton fabric for no more than a year. In addition, pea bark is poisonous, so use it carefully.

Acacia white - honey plant

White acacia is considered an excellent honey plant. The largest amount of nectar is released in the morning at a temperature of 18-24°C. The flower releases nectar within 3-4 days. In the nectar of one flower - up to 2 mg of sugar. A strong bee family can collect up to 8 kg from one tree. honey. Acacia honey is very light, transparent, crystallizes very slowly.
By the way, they contain a large amount of essential oil used in perfumery. Southerners usually prepare a delicacy from flowering brushes: they are dipped in batter and fried like donuts in oil. And in Germany they have long been making wine with a very delicate taste, in Moldova - sherbet, marmalade.
Cossacks on the Don since ancient times made fragrant water from acacia flowers.

Acacia properties

Acacia white has a number of medicinal properties. As a medicinal raw material, mainly white acacia flowers are used. They are harvested at the beginning of flowering, cut off with whole brushes in a thin layer, laid out on paper or cloth and dried in the attic. Properly dried raw materials consist of individual flowers with a yellowish-white corolla, green calyxes and pedicels, smell like honey and have a sweetish-mucilaginous taste. Store raw materials in paper bags in a cool room.
Although a decoction of white locust leaves has long been known in Europe as a mild laxative, reminiscent of senna, scientists have determined that poisonous substances are contained in the leaves, bark and roots. Only in homeopathy, preparations from the bark of young branches are still used to treat peptic ulcers, migraines, and gastritis.
White locust flowers are considered safe, but overdose can cause headache, nausea and vomiting. In folk medicine, infusion and decoction of flowers are used for diseases of the kidneys and bladder. Tincture externally - for rheumatism. White acacia flowers are used in a mixture with bearberry leaves, common tansy flowers, blue cornflower flowers, licorice root (as a diuretic collection). In Bulgaria, the infusion is used as an expectorant and antipyretic.

Application of acacia in other areas
Acacia is used in the food, paint and varnish industry and in perfumery. The leaves are fodder for livestock. Parquet made of white acacia wood is not inferior in quality to oak. It is widely used in landscape gardening construction as an ornamental and fragrant plant. Suitable for field-protective plantings, fixing ravines, slopes, banks.

Elm. (Appendix 3 Fig. 5)
lanky old elm
forever stuck in the sky.
Its leaf is wide
and unequal,
circling in the sky
lay down in the middle of the road.

Y. Nasimovich

Height : tall tree (more than 3 m), medium-sized tree or shrub (1-2 m)

Ulmus, Elm, elm, birch bark. Deciduous trees with a round or elliptical, spreading, dense crown; with simple, alternate, unequal leaves, on short petioles. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, in bunches. The fruits are winged nuts, ripening 3-6 weeks after flowering.

According to one version ElmThe genus got its name because of the very viscous and durable wood, which has long been used for the manufacture of bent products. According to another suggest that the name comes from the Celtic name of the elm - elm. In English, trees of this genus are known under this name, in German as Ulme (among botanists and foresters) or Ruster (among woodworkers). In Russian, various species are called differently: elm, elm, birch bark, elm. The most common Russian name probably originates from the Old Slavic word "elm", which meant "flexible rod".

The common Slavic name for this tree is elm / vaz / vyaz - “from the verb to knit, since the bast of this tree was flexible and could be used in this process,” linguist M. Fasmer points out. And according to V.I. Dahl - also because the tree of elm, elm, elm, elm is "one of the most flexible, from which knitting, rims, runners are made."

The significance of elm bark and bast in the peasant economy is also evidenced by its other Slavic name - birch bark, akin to the name of birch bark of birch bark (from the ancient Indian bhurias - “bright, shining”). And one more thing - ilm / ilm / ilim (from the Indo-European velm - “tear, tear, draw off” and roll - “bast”).

Elm wood has been highly valued since the days of Ancient Rome. Then the elm, together with oak and chestnut, made up a significant part of the entire forest wealth of the Apennine Peninsula and played a significant role in the economy of the Romans. Portius Cato in the 1st c. BC e. wrote about elm as a good building material, and Pliny the Elder even mentioned the existence of elm nurseries - Ulmaria.

And in Russian folk craft, the elm has always been considered an important tree. Arcs, runners, shafts made from it were of the highest quality. Elm wood is hard, strong and resilient. It is not easy to split it, it is processed with difficulty, and joiners and carpenters have a lot of trouble with it. But it almost does not warp, slightly cracks when dried, is well polished and is very beautiful in products with its dark brown core, wide yellowish sapwood and attractive texture. “It is amazingly strong, resilient, viscous, hard and eternal,” notes botanist S. Krasikov.

And one more important property: elm wood is not afraid of water and is used in mines, in the construction of dams, locks, canals. In shipbuilding, it is used not only for the decoration of cabins and saloons, but also for the manufacture of ship hull parts. Some buildings in Venice stand beautifully on stilts made of elm.

Elms are widely used in landscaping due to the fact that almost all species have a dense, shady crown. Their leaves create such a barrier to dust that elm is considered one of the best air purifiers. Elm leaves collect 7 times more soot than poplar leaves. An excellent "vacuum cleaner" is also elm with its small, closely seated leaves.

"Each place has its own attribute, the mere presence of which is iconic," comments Pascal Quinard. In other words, the symbolic attribute of the forest is the elm, one of the trees that form the basis of its green array. “From under the oak and from under the elm,” is sung about the forest in a Russian folk song.

“If you expect worthy from the fields of divine glory, having looked after a young elm for a handle in the forest, bend it with all your might, giving it a curvature of a plow,” Virgil advises in “Georgics”.

In Rus', brothers, ladles, bowls, spoons, knitting needles, staves were made from elm wood. Monastic painters were especially distinguished in the manufacture and painting of such handicrafts. In the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery near Vyazniki there was a turning hut for the production of wooden staffs, pokers, turned vessels, spoons and other tableware. Kirillov's spoons were famous throughout Russia and, unlike others, cost not 11, but 20 altyns per hundred. In the Kirillo-Belozero chronicle, there are references to this type of monastic obedience. There is, for example, a record that in 1562, under Ivan the Terrible, the peasants brought 104 bowls of elm heaths to the monastery!

North American Indians, the Iroquois, made bark boats from elm bark. In crushed form, it was used in the leather business - for tanning the skin, and in folk medicine - for burns and for the treatment of eyes.

In March-April, before the leaves appear, small flowers bloom on elm branches, collected in bunches of inflorescences - valuable honey plants. And in May-June, lionfish fruits with a seed in the center ripen - miniature "flying saucers". In the old days they were harvested to feed cows, pigs, horses. And Chinese chefs prepare exquisite exotic salads from unripe elm fruits - tasty, nutritious and healthy.

In mythologicalIn the representations of the Greeks, the elm symbolized the masculine, heroic principle. The shepherd from Virgil's Bucolik compares the "elm of the forest" with the beautiful young man Likid. In Greece, the male name Pteleon ("elm") was popular.
“He was buried in the Thracian Chersonese, near the city of Eleonta,” Robert Graves writes, based on ancient sources, about the Greek Protesilaus, a participant in the Trojan War. - He is honored as a hero. Tall elms, planted by nymphs, stand inside the sacred site and cast a shadow over the grave. The branches facing towards Troy beyond the sea leaf out early, but soon fall off, while the branches on the opposite side are still green in winter. When the elms grow so large that a person who has climbed to the top can see the walls of Troy, they begin to dry, and new shoots break through to replace them from the roots.

The Greeks planted elms on the graves of heroes, believing that the bark and leaves of such trees acquire a special healing power. It was believed that the soul of the deceased hero moves into the tree planted on the grave, continuing in his guise his earthly mission of protector and patron, the ritual hypostasis of the deity.

Birch is a symbol Russia and the eternal beauty of our nature. No wonder so many songs and poems have been written about her. (Appendix 3 Fig. 8)

A little sun warmed the slopes

And it became warmer in the forest,

birch green braids

Hung from thin branches.

All dressed in a white dress

In earrings, in lace foliage

Meet the hot summer

She is at the edge of the forest.

Her light outfit is wonderful,

There is no tree dearer to the heart.

And so many thoughtful songs

People sing about her!

He shares joy and tears with her,

And she's so good

What seems - in the noise of a birch

There is our Russian soul.

V.A. Rozhdestvensky.

The Russian word "birch" is very ancient. It is the same for all Slavic languages ​​and goes back to the concept of "white" (according to the unusual color of the bark).

In the old days, the Slavs began the year not in winter, but in spring, so they met it not with spruce, but with birch. At this time, the farmers began agricultural work, and the birch blossomed with the first greenery, hence the old Russian name for April - “berezozol”.

It is known from ancient chronicles that in those days when the Slavs believed in forest, water and heavenly spirits, they had a main goddess named Bereginya, the mother of all spirits and all wealth on earth, and worshiped her in the form of a sacred white tree - birch.

Later, in Slavic mythology, the birch was revered as a female symbol during the spring holiday of Semik (celebrated on Thursday in the seventh week after Easter). Birch was perceived as a living, powerful being, capable of fulfilling desires. The girls carried fried eggs and pies to the birch in the forest, sat under the tree, ate what they brought and turned to the birch with cherished requests. They believed that the girl who sits in the shade of a birch on Semik will certainly get married this year.

On this day, a blossoming birch was brought into the village, “curled” it with wreaths, decorated with multi-colored ribbons and walked in a round dance with songs through the streets. Sometimes a birch was dressed in a woman's dress and carried around the village with songs as the personification of youth, spring. Or she was portrayed as a symbol of femininity by the most beautiful girl, decorated with birch branches with foliage.

For all Slavic peoples, birch is a symbol of light, radiance, purity, femininity, sometimes the tree of the beginning.

It is no coincidence that birch is one of the main images of folk poetry. In folk songs, fairy tales, legends, birch is a symbol of spring and homeland. The favorite tree was endowed with the most affectionate epithets. She was called slender, curly, thin, white, fluffy, cheerful, often a young girl in a green scarf, and always a positive heroine: either a keeper of folk treasures, or an enchanted beauty, or a wise peasant daughter, winning in a duel with evil forces.

The image of birch in folk signs is closely linked with agriculture.

A lot of juice flows from a birch - by a rainy summer.

When the birch in front of the alder leaf dissolves, the summer will be dry, if the alder ahead - wet.

When the birch begins to bloom, this oats.

There are countless proverbs, sayings, riddles associated with birch.

The birch is not a threat - where it stands, it makes noise there.

Bela birch bark - yes black tar.

For the enemy and birch - a threat.

Birch gives the mind (about rods).

There are bleached columns, they have green hats on them.

Girlfriends in white dresses fled along the edge.

In a white sundress, she stood in a clearing.

And how much birch has healing properties. The buds and leaves are brewed like tea, they drink it for edema, shortness of breath, liver disease. They take baths with birch buds. The most valuable thing is birch fungus (chaga), infusions of which are treated for ulcers, gastritis, and cancer. Useful and birch sap. It quenches thirst, tones. Birch sap is used to wash the face with acne and age spots. A birch broom is an indispensable attribute of a Russian health bath.

Birch is a hospitable tree.

What kind of girl is this?
Not a seamstress, not a craftswoman,
Doesn't sew anything
But in needles all year round.
(Pine or spruce)

I have longer needles
Than the tallest Christmas tree.
There are a lot of neighbors below me -
Boars, wolves, bears.
(Pine)

You can always find her in the forest -
Let's go for a walk and meet:
It is prickly, like a hedgehog,
In winter in a summer dress.
(Pine)

Pine (Appendix 3 Fig. 6)

Iraida Mordovina

A stately row of mighty pines,
The ranks are slender.
Tops look to the sky -
Nature's marvelous beauty.

The pine forest creaks in the wind,
As if yelling at people
For the fact that the forest is not protected,
They lead a miserable life.

Over centuries
The path of a man is stupid.
We live with you one day
Don't worry about what's next.

Change the place of the pole
The south lane has shifted.
In the North, the moon is fuller,
And in the East - everything is more modest.

The weather is full of liberties,
She is unpredictable.
We always want warmth
After all, the “slice” of summer is so small.

Let's all love the Earth!
Protect and try not to destroy!
Save for new generations!

Proverbs and sayings about pine

Pine feeds, and linden shoes.
Every pine makes noise only to its forest.
For us, every oak is a sheepskin coat, every pine is a hut.
From the apple tree - apples, and from the pine - cones.
Spruce is not a pine, it makes noise for a reason.
From the forest, yes from every pine.
The pine is red where it grew.

coniferous pine tree

Botanical name:Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris)

Homeland: Siberia, Ural, Europe

Lighting: light-loving

The soil: sandy, sandy

Max Height: 40 m

Average life expectancy: 200 years

Reproduction: seeds, grafting

Synonym - forest pine

Pine legend

In Latin, the name of the pine is "Pinus". Pine trees often grow on rocky cliffs or steep mountain slopes, so there is an assumption that the roots of this name lie in the Celtic "pin", which means rock. In addition, there is an old Greek legend explaining this name.

The nymph of the dawn, the fair-haired Pitis (in some versions, Pitis or Pitya), fell in love with the cheerful and mischievous god Pan, the son of Hermes and the daughter of Dryop, who was considered the god-guide, patron of fishermen and hunters.
But the jealousy of another god, Boreas, the lord of the cold north wind, turned out to be stronger, and he turned the nymph into a pine tree, a tall evergreen tree, which was named Pinus. Known images of the god Pan with a pine wreath on his head.

Description of Scots pine

The pine tree is one of the most valuable coniferous species in our country. Reaching 35-40 m in height, it belongs to the trees of the first magnitude. The circumference of the trunk reaches 1 m. It is covered with reddish-brown, with grooves, exfoliating bark. At the base of the trunk, the bark is much thicker than the one at the top. Such an "idea" of nature has a protective function, protecting the tree from overheating and ground fire. In pines that grow in closed forest stands, the trunk is more slender with an openwork crown. While the tree is young, the crown has a conical shape. With age, it rounds, becomes wider, and in old age it acquires a flat or umbrella-shaped shape. Pine needles have a bluish-green color. It is quite dense, often sticking out, curved, collected in bunches of 2 needles. Length 4-7 cm. The needles are pointed, slightly flattened, have a thin longitudinal stripe. Needles live 3 years. In autumn, more often in September, part of the needles fall off. Before this, the needles turn yellow, from which the crown looks mottled.

Cones are located singly or in 2-3 pieces on the legs lowered down. The immature cone is conical in shape and dark green in color. Sometimes a brownish tinge may be present. Pine cones ripen in the second year. Ripe buds become brown or brown. The length is 3-6 cm, the width is 2-3 cm.

Pine is a coniferous tree that prepares for the winter period in a peculiar way. After all, evaporation at a "minus" temperature is detrimental to the plant, at the same time, the needles remained on the branches. The plant copes with this quite simply: with the onset of cold weather, a thin layer of wax falls on the needles, the stomata close, therefore, breathing stops.

Characteristics of Scots pine

Growing in adverse conditions, such as in a swamp, Scots pine can remain a dwarf. Moreover, even century-old specimens may not exceed 1 m in height. Pine is a light-loving plant, frost- and heat-resistant. Of all the representatives of tree species growing on sandy soils, Scotch pine is the most resistant to lack of moisture. Under such conditions, the roots are able to penetrate the soil to a depth of 6 m. Therefore, even in drought conditions, they can supply the tree with water. This ability of plants determined the different root system of different populations. In arid areas, the taproot develops well at the tree, and in conditions of close occurrence of groundwater, the root system is formed mainly by lateral roots branching in all directions.

Scotch pine: application

The branches and trunk of a pine tree are pierced with resin passages, which are filled with resin, commonly called "sap". "Sap" is of great importance for the plant: it heals wounds, repels pests. Such resin is obtained by tapping. It is used to obtain rosin, turpentine. The main thing is that you can get it not only from a living tree, but also from a pine stump. The air in the pine forest ("resinous") is rich in ozone and does not contain microbes. Pine forests have long been famous for their human-friendly properties.

In medicine, buds are widely used, which must be collected in early spring, before they bloom. The kidneys contain essential oils, resins, starch, tannins and bitter substances. Pine needles contain a large amount of carotene and vitamin C. Due to the value of wood, pine forests are considered the main object of forest exploitation.

Scots pine is one of the most ancient medicinal plants. Its needles were part of poultices and compresses 5000 years ago. In ancient Egypt, pine resin was found in embalming compositions. By the way, even now, after 3000 years, these compounds have not lost their bactericidal properties. In Rome and Greece, pine needles were used to treat colds. And in Rus', to disinfect the oral cavity, strengthen teeth and gums, it was customary to chew pine resin.

Pine wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture. It is also used in the construction of ships and wagons. Port facilities, dams and moorings are being built from it today. The pine forest was even called "ship grove" or "mast forest". And the ships are “floating pines”. Pine resin was intensively used by shipbuilders to process ropes, ships and boats. All this speaks of the high characteristics of pine wood.

However, pine plantations are also used for other purposes. So, a kind of pine root system helps to prevent soil erosion, provides an optimal level of moisture, protects cliffs and ravines from sprinkling.

Pine ordinary as a medicinal plant has long been used for compresses and poultices, and the resin of the tree, which is part of the embalming compositions of Ancient Egypt, retains its bactericidal properties for thousands of years. Also, the healing properties of Scotch pine in many countries were used to treat colds and to disinfect the oral cavity.

Pine cones are used in the form of infusions and tinctures for pain in the heart and as a hemostatic agent.

Water infusions and decoctions of tree needles are used in the prevention and treatment of beriberi C. They can also be used for therapeutic baths and the treatment of burns and wounds.

The next plant that grows in our park area

May rosehip (cinnamon rosehip) (lat. Rosacinnamomea L.)

Bush, Family Rosaceae (Rosaceae).(Appendix 3 Fig. 7)

Thus, it belongs to the family forming the genus Rosehip, with more than 400 species. In general, plants of the rosehip genus are very diverse from a botanical point of view. Some types of wild rose are real trees, there are evergreen species. The exquisite flower loved by many, the rose, is not an independent biological species, but a rosehip variety.

On the territory of Russia, according to various estimates, from 48 to 100 species of wild rose grow, many of which are endemic, that is, they have a very limited habitat. However, the wild rose of May (cinnamon rosehip) is the most common species.

Rosehip May is a deciduous shrub reaching a height of 2 m. It has thin twig-like branches covered with a shiny red-brown bark. The color of old, but not yet dead branches, brownish-brown.

Rosehip shoots are planted with two types of thorns. The first are sickle-shaped hard spines, which are usually located in pairs at the bases of leaf petioles. The second, more numerous, usually straight or slightly curved spines, located in the lower parts of the branches and on non-flowering shoots of the first year. Flowering shoots have the least thorns (up to their complete absence).

The life span of the shoot is 4-5 years.

The leaves of the wild rose are complex, pinnate, on the sides they have from 3 to 7 pairs of elliptical leaflets. The leaves are serrated along the edge, up to 7 cm long. The petioles of the leaves are pubescent, under which the glands are often hidden.

Rosehip flowers are known to everyone. They are large, with a diameter of 3 to 7 cm, collected in 2-3. All rosehip flowers have 5 petals, as well as five-parted cups. Petals are white, pale pink to deep red. Rosehip blooms May from May to July. The duration of flowering of a single flower is 2-5 days. The branches of the first year do not produce flowers.

The most valuable fruits are rose hips, which ripen from August to September (depending on the climatic zone). Fruits can be spherical, elliptical or flattened at the poles in shape, their color is from orange to red. Inside the fruit are several seeds-nuts.

Rosehip bloomed in the garden
The thorny bush turned yellow.
I sat on the windowsill
Clouds floated across the sky ... And the aroma is wonderful
Crawled over the earth
And this color is lovely.
I was haunted ... I forgot all the problems,
looming like a storm,
that carried the burden,
I didn't give my soul rest. I looked at the wild rose,
Blooming in the caresses of May...
prickly like a thorn
Sometimes I am, But it is worth blooming for me,
Spiritually reborn
Like a fragile delicate lily of the valley
Can I transform. So is the wild rose,
While he's all prickly -
Like a robber
Just as mean and vicious. And just blossoming
He becomes gentle
After all, beauty is holy
Inherent and careless.
Voloshin A.

poetic imageThe ancient folk tale of the sleeping beauty arose from observations of the wild rose - wild rose. The tale of the sleeping beauty is called "Wild Rose" by some peoples.

legends

Long ago, when a man did not yet call himself the king of nature, he dedicated poems and poems to the wild rose. legends. One such legend - about a flowering wild rose - has come down to us: the goddess of love Aphrodite, having learned about the death of her beloved Adonis on the hunt, rushed after the messenger. The thorny bushes scratched her skin.

Droplets of blood fell on the branches and turned into scarlet buds. This is how rose hips appeared, the bush of which during the flowering period looks like a huge bouquet of roses. You may be surprised, but this is the rose, only wild.

According to legend, Satan, having been overthrown by God from heaven, he planned to rise there again. To do this, he chose a wild rose, whose straight trunks with spikes could serve as a ladder for him. But the Lord guessed his thoughts and bent the trunks of the wild rose. And so, since then, the spikes have become not straight, but curved down and cling to everything that touches them.

So the price of wild rose was known even in biblical times.

They say in the Kubana legend about the unhappy love of two young lovers separated by a cruel fate. And it was so. A poor Cossack girl lived in a distant village. Her only wealth was her extraordinary beauty. She fell in love with a young Cossack, unfortunately, also poor. The young people swore true love to each other, but trouble was already hanging over them.

The village chieftain noticed the beautiful girl and began to pursue her, and the time came for the young Cossack to go to military service. The beauty responded with hatred to all the harassment of the chieftain, but this did not stop the villain, and on one of the dark nights his servants stole the girl from her parents' house. He kept her in prison for a long time, but on the wedding day she managed to escape to the nearest forest.

She remembered happy meetings with her beloved, she could not stand the anguish of the heart and took her own life. And at the place of her death, a lush bush with pale pink fragrant flowers grew. Once the chieftain saw a beautiful bush, he wanted to break a flowering branch, but all of them were instantly covered with prickly thorns. And in autumn, bright red, blood-like fruits appeared on these branches. Good people collect these fruits, drink tea from them, and this tea restores vigor and health to them.

For many nations, rosehip is a favorite domestic, ritual and sacred plant: garlands were woven from its flowers for brides, poets, heroes and rulers, women and girls adorned themselves with beads from bright fruits, he was a participant in social events, funeral rites. The ancient Greeks and Romans considered it a symbol of morality and dedicated it to the goddess of love and beauty.

Riddles about wild rose:
- The tree is Latin, the paws are heroic, the claws are devilish.
- There is a tree, a Khan tree, a Shemakhan dress, angelic flowers, devilish claws.
- He sits on a stick in a red shirt, his belly is full - stuffed with stones.
- A red pot with a black lid on it (Armenian riddle).
dream interpretation
- flowering rosehip bushes symbolize danger.
- to inject - to endure someone's bullying or ridicule.
- to walk along the alley among the wild rose - to be deceived in something, to take the ordinary for the beautiful and unusual.
- drink rosehip juice or infusion - hope for someone's sympathy or get sick.
Signs :
- Rosehip blooms - the blush of the year leads (rosehip blossomed, there will be no more frosts, you can plant seedlings in open ground).
- The wild rose blossoms, the carp pecks

Rosehip gives prosperity. There is a belief among the people that if you surround a house with wild rose bushes, then there will always be peace and prosperity in it.
Rose hips have such a property - to process negative energy into positive, so it has long been planted near the windows of the house. The person who gives the rosehip flower confesses that he is a romantic. "I'm sure I can make you happy! »

The first mention of the medicinal properties of rose hips are found in the writings of Theophrastus, in Hippocrates in the 5th-4th century BC, then in the Greek physician Dioscorides in the 1st century AD.
In Russia, rose hips were called svoroborinnik and they prepared svoroborin molasses from it, which they fed to the sick, weakened and soldiers. The nobility quickly appreciated the unique product, and for a long time molasses remained an exquisite elixir of the boyars. Then the rosehip was appreciated by the monks, and much later became available to the common people.
Vitamin C is found in many plants, its content in fresh fruits is a fraction of a percent, and only in rose hips vitamin C is 1-4%, and sometimes up to 17%! In addition, rose hips contain vitamins B2, P, K, carotene (provitamin A).

Rose hips are treatedvarious diseases. Infusion, decoction, tincture, rosehip oil increase mental and physical ability, strengthen immunity. The plant helps to cope with colds, diseases of the oral cavity, sinusitis, normalizes blood pressure, heals the cardiovascular system, helps with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous disorders. Other varieties are also applicable for healing, but it is necessary to increase the amount of plant materials.

Conclusion

My small homeland, how much you know, how much you have experienced, how much beauty your land keeps. In my work, I described only a small part of the history and nature of my village. I conducted a tour for students in grades 7-8 and felt the interest of the guys. Along the way, the guys asked me a lot of questions that I did not touch on in my work. So I decided to continue my research. II was convinced that the study of the history and nature of a small homeland contributes to the education of patriotism among the younger generation.

List of used literature:

1. Balabay IV Plants that treat us. Kishinev. 1988
2. Verzilin N. I. Journey with domestic plants. L., 1965
3. Verzilin N. In the footsteps of Robinson. L., 1974
4. Ivchenko S. N. Interesting about botany. M., 1972
5. Kuznetsova M.A. Tales of medicinal plants. M., 1992
6. Collection of poems of the Don poets. Rostov-on-Don., 1989
7. I.A. Berdnikov, A.I. Borodin On the steppe expanses of Rostov-on-Don 1983-142s.
8. N.P. Goncharov, L.N. Rodionova Transfigured Steppe Salsk 1968-176p.
9. A.I. Rigelman History of the Don Cossacks, Rostov / D 1992- 224p.
10. I. Esipenko Outstanding commander Salskaya steppe 25.04.1978-3s.

All publications Pre-school education Primary education Basic general education Secondary (complete) education Secondary (professional) education Higher education Additional education

Author of the publication: Beresneva Natalya Vladimirovna

Ecological - local lore calendar "On the paths with the Unicorn"

Municipal Autonomous Preschool Educational Institution "Kindergarten No. 39" of the Municipal Formation "Lysva City District" (MADOU "Kindergarten No. 39" of the Moscow Region "LGO") Ecological and local history calendarBeresneva Natalya Vladimirov, teacher In 2017, teachers of our kindergarten developed an ecological - local history calendar " Along the city paths with the Unicorn" for 2018. Unicorn is the youngest daughter of the Unicorn, which is the symbol of our city. Together with Unicorn we get acquainted with the history and natural features of our city. Each page in the calendar is a good help to teachers and parents in the environmental education of children. The purpose of the calendar of this calendar is not only to give knowledge about nature, seasonal changes, but also to develop a cognitive interest in the city and its district. simple. The calendar is conditionally divided into four ecologists - local history topics: Wintering birds (January - March) Green city: parks, squares, flower beds (April - May) City water bodies (June - August) Underground pantry (September - October) Each page of the month has repeating sections and tasks: - the weather calendar is filled in together with the child (symbols); - the headings “Watch, listen, speak”, “Learn and play” - these are selected recommendations from specialists: paintings by local artists, small tasks, environmental fairy tales and tasks. The Red Book of our region, ecological dictionary and local history material. The calendar will tell about the difficulties experienced by birds in winter, about the real pride of our city - reservoirs, parks, as well as minerals and gems of our district. This calendar is not simple, it is a calendar - a club! Everyone who starts environmental education at home will become full members of the Unicorns Club. Every three months we will sum up the results, share our impressions and photos. After each calendar theme - a gift for children (coloring pages with tasks and games). Also, the calendar can be used in special thematic classes to get acquainted with the outside world, nature, acquaintance with lexical topics. It is important to evoke a positive attitude in children towards objects and natural phenomena. The nature calendar involves working with parents - this is a joint assignment, family excursions in accordance with the route of the calendar, final environmental holidays. With the help of the nature calendar, children will learn visually, in an accessible game form throughout throughout the year he gets acquainted with the nature of his native land, as well as with the help of tasks to assimilate what is happening in the plant, animal world, in human activity. Based on the results of the calendar, children at the end of the year will learn how to fill in the weather calendar (symbols), expand their understanding of the nature of the urban district, and be enriched with positive emotions while doing family tasks. LiteratureNikolaeva S.N. "Methods of environmental education of preschoolers", 2nd ed. M. Academy, 2005 Magazine "Hoop" No. 1, 2002, p.48

Organization: MBDOU "CRR - Karagai kindergarten No. 3"

Settlement: Perm Territory, with. Karagay

The problem of interaction with the family becomes especially relevant at the present stage. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" No. 273-FZ, the Federal State Standard for Preschool Education obliges teachers and parents to become not only equal, but also equally responsible participants in the educational process. Recognition of the priority of family education requires a different relationship between the family and the kindergarten, namely, cooperation, interaction and trust. This requires teachers to build new content and forms of interaction with children and parents. This is how the idea of ​​creating an ecological and local history calendar “Love and know your native land” for 2018, developed on a regional basis, appeared.

The study of the folk calendar in all seasons, tied to a given area and given natural and weather conditions, plays an important role in environmental education. The developed pedagogical project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land "for children 5-6 years old to enrich the socio-cultural experience of a preschooler in the process of interaction with parents (legal representatives) is built on the folk calendar, the annual labor cycle of the Russian people. The folk calendar from generation to generation passed on folk knowledge about nature. The calendar gives the child the opportunity to know and see the amazing beauty of his native land. Everything that surrounds us: air, water, sun, plants, animals are closely connected with each other and man. This is a big house in which we live and it is important to arouse in children the desire to study, love and take care of this house. Impressions of the native nature received in childhood are remembered for a lifetime and often influence a person's attitude to the nature of his region, to the Motherland.

Goals and objectives of the project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land ":

Purpose: To create conditions for the participation of parents in the educational activities of the preschool educational institution, to assist them in moral and patriotic education, to form the foundations of the ecological culture of a preschool child.

Tasks:

• enrich the practical experience of parents in ways and methods of active interaction with preschool children;
• to promote the formation and support of parents' position of subjectivity (own activity) as the main mechanism for the upbringing and development of the child;
• support the educational initiatives of parents as the first and main educators of children in the development of their own psychological and pedagogical competence;
• promote the development of a culture of parent-child relations and partnerships between the family and the kindergarten.

Stages of implementation of the project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land ":

The project is being implemented during 2018 in several stages:

Stage 1 - organizational (acquaintance of parents with the regulation on the implementation of the project);

Stage 2 - main (project implementation);

Stage 3 - reflexive (summarizing the results, holding the final event "The holiday is coming to us all year round")

Participants of the project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land ":

The project participants are pupils, teachers and parents of pupils, as well as other family members of kindergarten pupils and their interested friends and partners.

The procedure for the implementation of the project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land ":

The calendar is located in the reception area and includes: a two-sided cover containing a brief annotation; general recommendations for using the calendar with age indication; description of the system of symbols used in the calendar; description of 3 sections of the calendar (each of which is designed for 12 months of the calendar year).

The calendar is compiled and structured according to certain sections:

The section “What the calendar will tell about” (“calendar grid” of 12 months of 2018, with the highlighting of specific dates / events based on the national calendar):

• The 12-page calendar section presents the "calendar grid" (365 days of 2018) in chronological order;
• in the calendar grid, dates / events, places (and objects), tourist routes for children that are significant in accordance with the subject of the calendar are highlighted in color (for example, in March, folk holidays are highlighted in the calendar: Vasily the dropper (March 15), Gerasim the rooker ( March 17), Magpies (March 22).

Section "Interesting dates, events, places and objects of the Karagay region" (a brief description of the selected content for 12 months of 2018): on 12 pages of the Calendar section (in each month) a brief description of the content of the selected dates, events, places and objects, children's tourist routes . The content of the description is understandable for all participants in educational relations (children and parents) in accordance with their age capabilities, meets the requirements of a logical sequence of presentation of the material. The description has illustrative accompaniment in the form of drawings, photos that meet the requirements of the logical sequence of presentation of the material.

Section “Guidebook TOGETHER” (description of the ways and forms of joint interaction between educators and children). This section consists of two interrelated parts: one - offered by the kindergarten for children and parents; the second is designed by the families of the pupils in the logic of interesting dates, events, places and objects of the Karagay region, holiday traditions and creative proposals.

The informational part of the calendar for parents is developed by teachers taking into account the national calendar and includes the following blocks:

"Weekend route" - In this section, we propose to visit the beautiful places of the Karagay region (botanical natural monuments of regional significance "Boronyatsky Bor", "Zyukaysky cliff", the natural botanical reserve "Karagaysky Forest", the historical and natural complex "Grafsky Bor", and Perm region (architectural and ethnographic museum of wooden architecture "Khokhlovka"), to go on excursions.

"Grandma's chest" - During the national holidays, our ancestors prepared dolls-amulets. In the "grandmother's chest" there are technological maps for the manufacture of ritual dolls-amulets. These dolls were of great importance for our ancestors, they were part of the culture of all mankind. Like any action, the manufacture of calendar folk dolls often relied on various important dates (for the winter holidays - the Kolyada doll, before the Trinity - the Cuckoo doll, on Pokrov - the Ten Hand doll, etc.).

"Experimentation" - this section describes experiments and experiments that can be easily and safely organized at home ("Revealing the mechanism of frost formation", "Let's make a rainbow at home", "Plants drink water", etc.). The child is interested in exploring the world, being a pioneer. He learns new things in the familiar and is surprised by the unknown. This is how experimentation begins.

“Developer” - in this section, we offer to complete various game tasks and exercises with the children (“Find the objects in the picture”, “Which bird flew away from the house?”, “Name living and inanimate objects”, “What grows on a tree? and etc.)

“Masterilochka” - In this section, you are invited to make crafts that will remind your child of past holidays for a long time (on the eve of the Zinovy ​​\u200b\u200bSinichnik holiday (November 12), it is proposed to make bird feeders with children, on the holiday of Spiridon the Solstice (December 25) - sun).

“Family traditions” - family traditions were passed down from generation to generation, because nothing unites a family like traditions, which are certain rules of behavior. They help a person to be understood, to take care of other people. Thanks to them, a favorable psychological climate is formed in the house, good relationships between family members. The traditions of the Russian people are very rich and the calendar tells about some of them. you can bake buns in the form of birds "larks", etc.

The second part of the calendar is variable, it is filled in by parents. Seasonal, national, world, all-Russian state, regional holidays are taken as a basis. This part of the calendar contains the headings: "Curious ..." (information about the history and attributes of folk holidays, poems by local poets about the nature of their native land), "I have an idea!" (creative ideas for holding a holiday in the family), "Welcome" (wishing parents come to the group, talk about the holidays, become participants in a creative workshop, organize a quiz and other types of joint activities), "It's interesting together!" (parents share their experience in organizing a family weekend: family readings, walks in nature and along the streets of their native village, excursions to the museum, etc.). Also in the second part of the calendar, teachers post announcements of joint activities of the kindergarten and the family (in accordance with the interaction plan: meetings, holidays, competitions, concerts, exhibitions, excursions, etc.), as well as recommendations for their preparation.

As a result of the implementation of the project "Children's ecological and local history calendar" Love and know your native land ", events will be organized to reflect on the experience gained and determine further development prospects in the following forms:

• questioning of all project participants;
• round table;
• the final educational and entertaining event for children and parents "All year round the holiday comes to us."

To support the active participants in the project, the teachers of the group provide incentives in the form of Letters of Thanks.

The criteria for the effectiveness of this project is the creation of qualitatively new relationships between parents, children and teachers:

• increasing the level of involvement of parents in the activities of a preschool institution, revealing their creative potential through active participation in events, taking the initiative in organizing and holding events for children;
• increasing the level and quality of parental communication through the constant exchange of experience in family education with the help of the calendar headings “It's interesting together” and “I have an idea!”;
• increasing the level of personal communication of families through the organization of family walks and hiking trips.

Literature:

1. Origins. Approximate basic educational program of preschool education. M., ed. "Sphere", 2017.
2. The folk calendar is the basis for planning work with preschoolers according to the state educational standard: Plan-program. Abstracts of classes. Holiday scenarios: / Nikolaeva S.R. etc. - St. Petersburg: "Childhood-Press", 2004.
3. The site of the Karagay inter-settlement library - karalib.permculture.ru
4. Collection of articles of the scientific-practical conference "Festive culture of the peoples of the Kama region". - Editorial and publishing department of MBUK "Karagay Museum of Local Lore", 2016.

Nature calendars as a method of ecological education of children

It is advisable to record systematic observations of the same natural phenomena in calendars. In this case, various changes in plants, animals, phenomena of inanimate nature, as well as the conditions under which these changes occurred, can be traced. The display of events with pictures, icons or schematically is important, first of all, for the effectiveness of the observation itself - the child returns to the ideas and impressions that he received when considering an object of nature, and thereby fixes them, clarifying the details and features. Therefore, keeping calendars develops children's powers of observation, improves their ability to analyze, highlight the main and the secondary.

Screen calendars, in which the same objects are fixed at regular intervals, are of particular importance for the ecological education of preschoolers. For example, a growing and developing plant is regularly drawn on a calendar once a week. In this case, the generalizing role of the calendar is that several of its pages make it possible to compare an object that changes as a result of its growth and development. Drawings, better than observation itself, help to identify what has changed (has grown, new leaves, buds, etc.) and what has remained unchanged.

Of particular importance is such a screen calendar, in which not only changes in the object of observation (plants) are recorded, but also the conditions under which these changes occurred, i.e., the actual ecological connections: the dependence of the state, growth and development of the plant on environmental factors. In this case, connections in nature become clear: the calendar helps the teacher to demonstrate them to children. For preschoolers, this is important because they learn cause-and-effect relationships at the level of visual-figurative thinking.

The leader of the seminar should pay special attention to the "weekly method of familiarizing preschoolers with seasonal natural phenomena." Its description is available in the technologies of ecological education of children of all age groups.2 The main features of this technique are as follows:

Observations of seasonal natural phenomena in all age groups are planned for one week of each month (hence the name of the technique - "weekly"). The best option is the second or third week;

One week a month of mandatory daily observations with children, regardless of various circumstances (bad weather, preparation for the holiday, medical events, etc.), allows the educator to conduct this cycle of observations in an interesting way, in a variety of ways, and allows older preschoolers to increase independence in seeing and evaluating natural phenomena ;

Observations of nature are ecological, because they combine a complex of interrelated phenomena: they trace the dependence of the seasonal state of objects of wildlife (plants, animals, humans) on factors of inanimate nature (weather). This dependence is clearly represented in the calendars of nature;

Observations of the weather, examining trees and shrubs, ground cover, searching for and identifying animals (birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles) are accompanied by keeping a calendar in which the day of the week and weather are recorded daily, at the end of the week a picture of wildlife is depicted, reflecting the state of plants and animals of the site in a given week of a given month. Depending on age, observations are recorded either with a finished picture or with pictograms and a picture;

Fixing observations in the calendar is carried out by children under the direct supervision of the educator, who first shows, teaches, and then helps and controls the independent actions of children. Working with the calendar develops visual-figurative and schematic thinking of preschoolers;

A completed calendar of nature (at least three months) reflects seasonal changes in nature, its ecological regularity - the dependence of the state of plants and animal factors of inanimate nature. The pages of the calendar, presented at the same time, are a visual-figurative model of measured nature, which allows older preschoolers to form dynamic, generalized ideas about the season, helps them understand the natural nature of nature changes in each season.

An interval of three weeks between planned observations allows: a) children to notice bright changes in nature; b) to renew interest in observations among educators of children, and therefore to carry out them and work with the calendar in a quality manner; c) save study time and use it for other pedagogical activities.

The topic "Calendars ..." is considered at the seminar throughout the academic year: in September-November - this is an acquaintance with the "weekly method of observing seasonal natural phenomena", in January - this is a discussion of bird watching calendars, in late winter - early spring - this is growing a garden on the window, flower seedlings and maintaining a calendar of observations of a growing plant, the summer period is a garden calendar. Each theoretical report at the seminar is accompanied by practical tasks for educators. At the same time, they practice in the following points: the correct manufacture of calendars for their age group; in the methodology for conducting observations of natural objects and fixing them in the appropriate calendars; in the use of completed calendars in the classroom, the formation of generalized ideas about nature in older preschoolers.

The workshop leader may also announce a competition for the best production and use of the nature calendar. At the same time, the final stage of the competition must necessarily be an open viewing of activities with children held by all educators - participants in the competition, so that the assessment includes not only the appearance of the calendar, but also the methodology for working with children on its use.

Mikolyuk Olga Fedorovna